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 Posted: Wed 3:53, 04 Sep 2013 Post subject: Early humans wore sturdy shoes News in Science ABC |
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Early humans wore sturdy shoes News in Science ABC Science
Erik Trinkaus,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], a professor of anthropology at Washington University,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], studied the foot skeletons of western Eurasian Neanderthals and early humans who lived during the Middle Palaeolithic (100,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],000 to 40,000 years ago) and the middle Upper Palaeolithic (35,000 to 10,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],000 years ago).
He focused on phalanges, the 14 toe bones, and discovered that the shape, length, placement and thickness of these bones began to change 30,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],000 to 40,000 years ago.
Early Neanderthals and humans had very robust little toes that bent and gripped surfaces.
"[But] shoes reduce the mechanical stress of the lesser toes,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych]," says Trinkaus,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], so the four little toes do not have to do much work. And he observed less substantial little-toe bones in the later skeleton samples.
Trinkaus' findings are published in the current Journal of Archaeological Science,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych].
"All people living in very cold climates had to wear some kind of thermal protection on their feet, including Neanderthals and their predecessors," says Trinkaus.
"[Supportive footwear] was part of a major explosion in human technology and cultural complexity,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], especially after 30,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],000 years ago."
Clues to sturdy shoes
To test out his theory that toe bones could be linked to sturdy shoes, Trinkaus also analysed the feet of early Native Americans, prehistoric Alaskan Inuits and 20th century Euroamericans.
The earliest direct evidence for shoes is 9000 year-old Native American sandals but,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], until the time of European contact, the Native Americans are thought to have preferred bare feet.
The Inuits,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], on the other hand,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], wore heavy boots made of stiff sealskin soles and soft,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], fur uppers.
As Trinkaus predicted,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the Native Americans had strong,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], flexible little toes,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], while the Inuit and modern Euroamerican toe bones were weaker.
Olga Soffer, professor of anthropology at the University of Illinois,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], agrees with the findings, but emphasised that they primarily apply to supportive, hard-soled footwear, and not to shoe wearing in general.
"While we have no evidence for sewing before some 30,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],000 years ago or so, that does not mean that people did not wear clothing, aka body coverings,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], before, just likely not sewn clothes," she says. "The same is likely for footwear."
She adds that some ancient peoples even wore shoe and pant combos that, like a hefty version of pajamas with attached footsies, provided an all-in-one ensemble.
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